Can grandparents consent to medical treatment of a Filipino minor?

Yes, under two distinct theories. First, Article 233 of the Family Code of the Philippines establishes substitute parental authority for individuals to whom the child is entrusted — grandparents acting under a written consent from the parents are exercising delegated parental authority. Second, in default of parents (death, judicial declaration of absence, mental incapacitation), Article 214 of the Family Code grants substitute parental authority directly to grandparents in the order specified — surviving grandparent first. For overseas Filipino worker (OFW) families, where grandparents are the de facto caregivers in the Philippines, a written, notarized medical consent from the parents covering the entire period abroad is the standard practice. For long-term arrangements (more than one year), a court-issued guardianship under Rule 92-97 of the Rules of Court may be preferable.

Can a Filipino minor consent to medical treatment without a parent?

In limited circumstances. The general rule under Philippine law is that a minor (under 18 years old per Republic Act No. 6809) cannot give valid consent — parental consent is required. Exceptions: (1) Emergencies where the delay in obtaining parental consent would endanger life or limb — the doctrine of implied consent applies; (2) HIV testing, counseling, and treatment for minors aged 15 and above under Republic Act No. 11166 (Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act of 2018) — minors may access services without parental consent; (3) Specific reproductive health services under Republic Act No. 10354 (Responsible Parenthood and RH Law) per Department of Health (DOH) implementing rules; (4) Treatment of minor victims of abuse under Republic Act No. 7610 with DSWD assistance. For routine medical care, dental work, vaccinations, and elective procedures, parental consent or substitute parental authority is mandatory.

How long is a Philippine child medical consent form valid?

The validity is the period stated in the document. Best practice is to specify a definite period — for short trips, the dates of the trip; for school-related entrustment, the school year; for OFW arrangements, the duration of the working contract abroad. Open-ended consents ("until further notice") may be questioned by Philippine hospitals as stale, particularly if the document is more than one year old at the time of treatment. For long-term entrustment of a child to a grandparent or other caregiver — common in OFW families — re-execute the consent annually with current contact details, allergies, medications, and PhilHealth/HMO information. Article 1919 of the Civil Code on extinction of agency applies by analogy: the consent ends with revocation, the death of any signatory, or the accomplishment of its purpose.

What if my child has a serious condition requiring ongoing treatment in the Philippines?

For Filipino children with chronic or serious conditions — congenital heart disease, cancer, diabetes, autism, etc. — a simple consent form is not enough. The medical consent should detail the condition, current treatment regimen, attending specialist (with clinic address and contact), the hospital where the child receives care (e.g., Philippine General Hospital, St. Luke's Medical Center, The Medical City, Makati Medical Center), the child's PhilHealth and HMO information, and the procedure for emergencies. For children with rare diseases, you may want to register with the DOH Rare Diseases Program under Republic Act No. 10747 (Rare Diseases Act of the Philippines). For ongoing treatment requiring multiple consents over time, consider executing a comprehensive guardianship document or, for serious situations, applying for guardianship under Rule 92-97 of the Rules of Court before the Regional Trial Court.

Are there special Philippine rules for vaccinations and immunizations?

Yes. The Philippine Department of Health (DOH), through the National Immunization Program, sets schedules for routine childhood vaccinations administered through public health centers, barangay health stations, and DOH-accredited private providers. Routine vaccines (BCG, hepatitis B, pentavalent, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, etc.) are typically free at public Rural Health Units and city health centers across the Philippines. The medical consent form should specifically authorize the caregiver to provide informed consent for routine immunizations following the National Immunization Program schedule. For COVID-19 vaccination of minors, special DOH guidelines (DOH Memorandum 2021-0556 and subsequent updates) govern parental consent. For optional vaccinations (e.g., HPV, varicella, additional doses), parents may want to specify in the consent form whether they authorize the caregiver to authorize these on the child's behalf.

What if the temporary caregiver and the parents disagree on a medical decision?

The temporary caregiver in the Philippines acts under delegated parental authority through the medical consent form — the caregiver's authority is derivative, not original. Any decision must follow the scope authorized by the parents in the form. For non-emergency, elective decisions, the caregiver should consult the parents (mobile, email, video call) before authorizing treatment, particularly for major procedures, surgery, or treatments outside the routine. Where the parents and caregiver disagree, parental authority prevails unless the parents have validly transferred decision-making authority. In life-threatening emergencies where parental contact is impossible and delay would endanger the child, the doctrine of implied consent applies under Philippine medical malpractice law (Cruz v. Court of Appeals; Ramos v. Court of Appeals) — the treating physician proceeds with necessary care. For complex disagreements, especially between separated parents with joint custody, an order from the Regional Trial Court (Family Court) may be required under the Family Code of the Philippines.

How do PhilHealth and HMO claims work for treatment under this consent in the Philippines?

PhilHealth (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation) is the national social health insurance program of the Philippines under Republic Act No. 11223 (Universal Health Care Act of 2019). Filipino minors are typically covered as dependents of a working parent or as direct contributors. For inpatient treatment in PhilHealth-accredited facilities, the caregiver presents the child's PhilHealth member identification number, the parents' Member Data Record (MDR), and the consent form; PhilHealth coverage is automatically applied and reduces the bill. For HMO coverage (e.g., Maxicare, Intellicare, Medicard, Insular Health Care, Caritas, common in Filipino corporate plans), the caregiver presents the HMO card, valid ID, and the consent — HMOs typically issue a Letter of Authorization (LOA) for inpatient care and direct billing for outpatient. Always include in the consent form: PhilHealth member ID, HMO card details with member number and coverage limits, attending physician contacts, and authorized hospital. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) governs the handling of medical records by Philippine healthcare facilities and HMOs.

Family & AuthorityPH

Free Child Medical Consent Form Template — Philippines

Authorize medical treatment, dental care, vaccination, or emergency care for a Filipino minor while the parents are absent or unavailable. The Doxuno child medical consent form is drafted under Articles 209 to 225 of the Family Code of the Philippines (Executive Order No. 209) on parental authority, the Civil Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 386), Department of Health (DOH) guidelines on informed consent for minors, and the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) on protection of medical records. Specify the caregiver, the scope of medical authority, the child's health information, and download a professional PDF in minutes — ready for signing before a Notary Public commissioned in the Philippines.

Create Your Child Medical Consent Form

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CHILD MEDICAL CONSENT FORM

Parental / Guardian Authorisation For Medical Treatment

CHILD PARTICULARS

FULL NAME	Antonio Miguel Reyes
PSA / BIRTH CERT	PSA-2019-1234567
DATE OF BIRTH	March 10, 2019
SEX	male
BLOOD TYPE	O+

PARENT / GUARDIAN (PRIMARY)

FULL NAME	Roberto Santos Reyes
GOVERNMENT ID	Phil ID No. 1234-5678-9012-3456
RELATIONSHIP TO CHILD	Father
MOBILE / PHONE	+63 917 123 4567
EMAIL	roberto.reyes@email.com

PARENT / GUARDIAN (SECONDARY)

FULL NAME	Maria Cristina Reyes
GOVERNMENT ID	Phil ID No. 2345-6789-0123-4567
RELATIONSHIP TO CHILD	Mother
MOBILE / PHONE	+63 917 234 5678

MEDICAL INFORMATION

KNOWN ALLERGIES	Penicillin (rash and mild reaction). No food allergies known.
CURRENT MEDICATIONS	Salbutamol inhaler (Ventolin) 100 mcg — as needed for asthma.
MEDICAL HISTORY	Mild asthma (diagnosed 2023) — managed with inhaler. No prior surgeries. Up-to-date on EPI vaccinations.
PHILHEALTH NO.	12-345678901-2
HMO PROVIDER	Maxicare Healthcare Corp.
HMO POLICY	MX-12345678

HEALTHCARE PROVIDER

NAME	Makati Medical Center
ADDRESS	2 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City 1229
PHONE	+63 2 8888 8999

EMERGENCY CONTACT

NAME	Ana Marie Cruz
PHONE	+63 917 345 6789
RELATIONSHIP TO CHILD	Maternal Aunt

I, Roberto Santos Reyes (Government ID: Phil ID No. 1234-5678-9012-3456), of legal age, Filipino, and Father of Antonio Miguel Reyes (PSA Birth Certificate: PSA-2019-1234567, Date of Birth: March 10, 2019), together with Maria Cristina Reyes (Government ID: Phil ID No. 2345-6789-0123-4567), Mother, acting in the exercise of parental authority under Articles 209–225 of the Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386), as amended, and the Family Code (Executive Order No. 209, 1987), hereby grant the following consent for the medical treatment of the child, with effect from April 25, 2026.

CONSENT TO MEDICAL TREATMENT

I hereby authorise any duly licensed physician, surgeon, anaesthesiologist, dentist, nurse, or other healthcare professional, at any DOH-accredited hospital, clinic, or medical facility within the Republic of the Philippines (and, if necessary in an emergency abroad, any qualified medical professional), to examine, diagnose, and administer to the above-named child the following level of medical care:

Consent Scope: Routine medical care and emergency treatment

I authorise the administration of any necessary anaesthesia, medications, blood products, X-rays and other diagnostic imaging, laboratory tests, and surgical procedures that the treating medical professional deems medically necessary in the best interests of the child, consistent with the consent guidelines of the Department of Health (DOH) and the Code of Ethics of the Philippine Medical Association.

FINANCIAL UNDERTAKING

I undertake to be responsible for the cost of medical treatment, including hospital fees, professional fees, medications, and ancillary services, subject to coverage by PhilHealth (RA 11223 — Universal Health Care Act) and any HMO or insurance coverage stated above. I authorise the healthcare provider to coordinate with PhilHealth and the HMO for billing and reimbursement purposes.

REVOCATION [Acknowledged ✓]

I understand and acknowledge that I may revoke this consent at any time by providing written notice to the healthcare provider. Revocation takes effect upon receipt of such written notice by the healthcare provider. Any medical treatment lawfully administered prior to receipt of the notice of revocation shall remain valid and authorised. This consent shall otherwise remain in effect until expressly revoked or until the child reaches the age of majority (18 years) under Republic Act No. 6809.

DATA PRIVACY ACT (RA 10173) [Acknowledged ✓]

I consent to the collection, processing, use, and disclosure of the child's personal and sensitive personal information (including medical history, allergies, medications, blood type, and PhilHealth / HMO information) by the treating healthcare provider and any relevant healthcare facility for the legitimate purposes of: (a) providing medical treatment and care; (b) referral to specialist practitioners where clinically indicated; (c) PhilHealth / HMO billing and reimbursement; (d) maintenance of medical records and administrative purposes; and (e) any other purpose directly related to the child's healthcare. The child's personal data shall be processed in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations issued by the National Privacy Commission. The Data Subject's rights under Sections 16 and 34 of the DPA (right to be informed, access, object, rectify, erase, and lodge a complaint with the NPC) are acknowledged.

DECLARATION

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the Republic of the Philippines that I am the lawful parent or legal guardian of the above-named child; that I exercise parental authority over the child under Articles 209–225 of the Civil Code as amended by the Family Code (Executive Order No. 209); that I have full authority to grant this consent; and that the information provided in this form is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge and belief. I understand that providing false information may adversely affect the medical care administered to the child and may expose me to liability under Article 183 of the Revised Penal Code (false testimony) and applicable provisions of the Civil Code.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have signed this Child Medical Consent Form on April 25, 2026 at Makati City, Republic of the Philippines.

PARENT / GUARDIAN (PRIMARY) — FATHER

Roberto Santos Reyes

Government ID: Phil ID No. 1234-5678-9012-3456

Date: ____________________

PARENT / GUARDIAN (SECONDARY) — MOTHER

Maria Cristina Reyes

Government ID: Phil ID No. 2345-6789-0123-4567

Date: ____________________

FOR OFFICIAL USE — HEALTHCARE PROVIDER

Provider Name: Makati Medical Center
Date Received: ______________________
Received by: ________________________
Designation: ________________________
PhilHealth Accreditation No.: ______________________

NOTE. This consent form is governed by Philippine law, including the Civil Code (RA 386), the Family Code (Executive Order No. 209), the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173), the Universal Health Care Act (RA 11223), and the Department of Health consent guidelines. In a genuine medical emergency where the parent or guardian cannot be contacted and delay would endanger the child's life, healthcare professionals may proceed with necessary treatment under the doctrine of emergency implied consent recognised by the DOH and Philippine jurisprudence. This form should be kept with the child's medical records and a copy retained by the parent or guardian. For added formality, this form may be acknowledged before a notary public under the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice (A.M. No. 02-8-13-SC).

Available as a print-ready PDF or an editable Microsoft Word (.docx) file.

What is a child medical consent form under Philippine law?

A child medical consent form is a written authorization by which one or both parents — or, in their absence, the legal guardian — empower a temporary caregiver, school administrator, summer camp director, sports coach, or relative to authorize medical treatment for a minor child in the Philippines when the parents are not personally present to give consent. In Philippine law, parental authority over an unemancipated minor is jointly exercised by both parents under Article 211 of the Family Code (Executive Order No. 209), and includes the right and duty to support, educate, instruct, and provide for medical care under Article 220. When parents must travel, work in another city or abroad (overseas Filipino workers — OFWs), entrust their child to grandparents, or temporarily delegate care, the medical consent form bridges the gap and ensures that physicians, hospitals, and Philippine health institutions have valid authority to administer care.

The form serves both legal and practical purposes in the Philippines. Legally, it documents the substitute parental authority contemplated by Article 233 of the Family Code, which extends parental-like authority to schools, teachers, hospitals, and other persons or institutions to whom the child is entrusted. Practically, it guides the caregiver and the medical provider on the scope of permitted treatment (routine care, immunization, dental, vision, mental health, surgery), the child's known allergies and medical history, the child's health insurance information (PhilHealth, HMO, private insurance), and how to reach the parents in an emergency. Most Philippine hospitals — including the Philippine General Hospital (PGH), private institutions accredited by the DOH, and tertiary medical centers — require evidence of consent before non-emergency treatment of a minor.

Under Philippine law, a minor under 18 years of age generally cannot give valid consent to medical treatment on his or her own — the parents or substitute parental authority must consent. However, several statutory exceptions allow minors to consent independently: emancipated minors (now age 18 under Republic Act No. 6809); minors seeking emergency treatment where delay would endanger life or health (DOH Administrative Orders); minors aged 15 and above for certain reproductive health services under specific conditions of Republic Act No. 10354 (the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012); HIV testing and counseling under Republic Act No. 11166 (Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act of 2018) for minors aged 15 and above. Treatment of minor victims of child abuse falls under Republic Act No. 7610 (Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act). Medical records of minors are personal information under the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) and must be processed in accordance with the rules of the National Privacy Commission (NPC).

What this Philippine medical consent form covers

The Doxuno child medical consent generator produces a complete authorization aligned with the Family Code of the Philippines, the Civil Code, DOH guidelines on informed consent, and the Data Privacy Act of 2012.

Identification of the parents / guardians

Full names, civil status, citizenship, TIN, and Philippine residence

Identification of the minor child

Full name, date and place of birth, PSA-registered details, citizenship

PSA birth certificate reference

Birth registration with the Philippine Statistics Authority for verification

Identification of the temporary caregiver

Full name, address, relationship to the child (grandparent, aunt, etc.)

Period of authorization

Start and end dates while the parents are travelling, working, or unavailable

Scope of medical authority

Routine care, vaccination, dental, vision, mental health, emergency, surgical

Known medical conditions and allergies

Critical information for any treating physician in the Philippines

Current medications

Prescribed drugs, dosage, frequency, attending physician contact

PhilHealth and insurance details

PhilHealth member ID, HMO card, private health insurance information

Preferred Philippine hospital and physician

Primary hospital, attending pediatrician, emergency contact

Emergency contact for parents

Mobile, email, address — including OFW contact details if abroad

Notarial acknowledgment

Notary Public commissioned under the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice

How to create your Philippine child medical consent form

No legal experience required. The Doxuno generator walks you through every section needed for a Philippine child medical consent form and produces a professional PDF ready for signing and notarization.

1
Identify the parents or guardians and the child
Provide the full legal names, ages, civil status, citizenship, Tax Identification Number (TIN), and current Philippine residence of both parents (or the legal guardian if no parent is available — Family Code Art. 214). For the child, give the full name, date and place of birth, and PSA-registered birth certificate details from the Philippine Statistics Authority. Both parents jointly exercise parental authority under Article 211 of the Family Code; under Article 211, the father's decision prevails in case of disagreement unless a court orders otherwise. In practice, both parents should sign — single-parent consent is acceptable when the other parent is deceased, has been judicially declared absent, or has expressly delegated authority. For overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), an apostilled or consularized consent from abroad is the standard practice.
2
Identify the temporary caregiver and the period
Specify the full legal name, age, civil status, address, mobile number, and relationship of the temporary caregiver — typically a grandparent (under Family Code Art. 214 — substitute parental authority of grandparents in default of parents), an adult sibling, an aunt or uncle, a school administrator, or a family friend. Specify the start and end dates of the authorization — for a brief trip ("from 15 May 2026 to 30 May 2026"), an extended stay ("from the start of summer break until the parents return"), or while OFW parents are working abroad. Avoid open-ended consent: Philippine hospitals often require a specific period for the consent to be considered current.
3
Define the scope of medical authority
Clearly specify what types of medical care the caregiver may authorize: (1) routine medical and dental care (general checkups, fillings, X-rays); (2) vaccinations and immunizations per the DOH National Immunization Program; (3) emergency treatment, including surgery, anesthesia, and blood transfusions in life-threatening situations; (4) prescription medications; (5) mental health and counseling services; (6) ophthalmology and orthodontic care. List any treatments the parents specifically refuse on religious or other grounds (e.g., blood transfusion for Jehovah's Witnesses) — but note that the Department of Health and Philippine courts may override parental refusal in life-threatening situations under the parens patriae doctrine and Republic Act No. 7610 protecting children against abuse and neglect.
4
Provide medical history, allergies, and insurance
List the child's known medical conditions (asthma, allergies, diabetes, congenital conditions, current diagnoses), drug allergies (penicillin, NSAIDs, etc.), food allergies, and current medications with dosage and frequency. Include the child's blood type if known. Provide PhilHealth member identification number (the child is typically a dependent of the working parent or a self-paying member), HMO card details (if any — common in the Philippines for children of corporate employees), and private health insurance information. List the preferred Philippine hospital — your primary care hospital, the closest Department of Health (DOH)-accredited tertiary hospital, or a hospital where the child has medical history. Provide the attending pediatrician's name, clinic address, and mobile number.
5
Sign before two witnesses and notarize
Both parents (or the guardian) sign in the presence of two attesting witnesses. The Philippines requires the document to be acknowledged before a Notary Public commissioned under the 2004 Rules on Notarial Practice (A.M. No. 02-8-13-SC) for it to be a public document with strong evidentiary weight before Philippine hospitals and courts. The signing parents appear personally with valid government-issued ID (driver's license, passport, PSA-issued birth certificate plus another ID, UMID, voter's ID), sign in the notary's presence, and the notary records the act in the notarial register. For OFW parents abroad, sign before the Philippine Embassy or Consulate (consularization) or before a local notary plus apostille from the foreign authority — the Philippines acceded to the Hague Apostille Convention on 14 May 2019.

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Legal considerations under Philippine family and health law

Authorizing medical care for a minor in the Philippines requires careful attention to parental authority, Department of Health rules on informed consent, the rights of the minor, and data privacy. Review the points below before delegating medical authority over your child.

This template is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For complex family situations — separated parents, OFW arrangements, blended families, children with serious medical conditions, or situations requiring court approval — please consult a Philippine lawyer admitted to the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP).

Reviewed by legal professionals. The clauses, statutory references, and DOH guidance in this Philippine child medical consent template have been reviewed against the Family Code of the Philippines (Executive Order No. 209), the Civil Code, DOH Administrative Orders on informed consent, the Data Privacy Act of 2012, and Republic Act No. 7610.

Parental authority under the Family Code (Articles 209-225)

Under the Family Code of the Philippines (Executive Order No. 209), Articles 209 to 225 establish the regime of parental authority. Article 209 provides that parental authority (patria potestas) includes the rights, duties, and obligations of parents toward unemancipated children. Article 211 prescribes joint exercise by both parents — in case of disagreement, the father's decision prevails unless a court orders otherwise. Article 213 governs custody after separation: children below seven years old shall not be separated from the mother unless the court finds compelling reasons. Article 214 establishes substitute parental authority in the absence or death of parents, in the order: surviving grandparent, oldest brother or sister over 21, the actual custodian over 21. Article 220 lists parental rights and duties — including providing for support, education, and medical care. Article 233 extends parental-like authority to schools, teachers, and individuals or entities engaged in child care during activities. The medical consent form is the practical instrument by which parents delegate their Article 220 health-care authority to a substitute under Article 233.

Minor consent and the DOH framework on informed consent

Under Philippine law, a minor (under 18 years per Republic Act No. 6809 lowering the age of majority) generally lacks legal capacity to consent to medical treatment — the parents or substitute parental authority must consent. The Department of Health (DOH) issues administrative orders on informed consent that align with Article 220 of the Family Code and the doctrine of informed consent in Philippine medical malpractice law (Cruz v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122445; Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124354). Exceptions allowing minor self-consent: (1) emergency situations where parental consent cannot be obtained and delay would endanger life or limb — implied consent doctrine; (2) emancipated minors, though Article 234 of the Family Code as amended by RA 6809 (1989) limits emancipation; (3) minors aged 15 and above for HIV testing, counseling, and treatment under Republic Act No. 11166 (Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act of 2018); (4) minors for reproductive health services under specific conditions of Republic Act No. 10354 and DOH implementing rules. Treatment of victims of child abuse, exploitation, or discrimination falls under Republic Act No. 7610 with specific procedural protections.

Data Privacy Act 2012 and protection of medical records

Medical information about a Filipino minor is sensitive personal information under Section 3(l)(1) of the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) and is subject to enhanced protection. The DPA is enforced by the National Privacy Commission (NPC). Under Section 13, processing of sensitive personal information is generally prohibited except with the consent of the data subject (in this case, the parent acting on behalf of the minor) or pursuant to specific legal exceptions. Healthcare facilities — public hospitals, private hospitals, clinics, and HMOs in the Philippines — are personal information controllers (PICs) and must comply with the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, proportionality (Section 11), and implement organizational, physical, and technical security measures (Section 20). The medical consent form should authorize the caregiver and treating physicians to access necessary medical information, share it with covering specialists, and submit claims to PhilHealth and HMOs — all consistent with NPC Circular 16-02 on data sharing in healthcare. Violations are punishable with administrative fines under NPC Circular 2022-01 (up to PHP 5,000,000 per violation) and criminal penalties under Sections 25-32 of the DPA.

Special situations: separated parents, OFW parents, sole custody

Several Philippine family situations require particular drafting care. (1) Separated parents under judicial custody arrangements: the parent with legal custody under Article 213 of the Family Code or under a court order has primary medical decision-making authority; non-custodial parent's consent is generally not required for routine care, but courts often retain joint legal custody requiring consultation on major medical decisions. (2) Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs): the most common Philippine scenario — parents working in Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States, Canada, the European Union — must execute a consent abroad. Two routes: (a) consularization at the Philippine Embassy or Consulate, where the consul acts as notarial officer; (b) local notarization plus apostille from the foreign authority under the Hague Apostille Convention (in force in the Philippines since 14 May 2019). The DSWD is increasingly involved in monitoring OFW childcare arrangements; for long-term entrustment to grandparents, a court-issued guardianship under Rule 92-97 of the Rules of Court may be more appropriate than a simple medical consent form. (3) Sole custody by a single parent: where one parent is deceased, judicially declared absent (Articles 384-396 of the Civil Code), or has been declared mentally incapacitated, the surviving parent exercises full parental authority. (4) Adopted children: adoptive parents have full parental authority under Republic Act No. 8552 (Domestic Adoption Act) and Republic Act No. 11642 (Domestic Administrative Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act of 2022).

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