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Free UK Software Development Agreement Template

A Software Development Agreement is the contract under which a UK Developer designs, builds, tests and delivers bespoke software for a Customer. It records the scope of work, the pricing model, the change control mechanism, the acceptance test cycle, the IP allocation, the warranty and the liability cap. Use our free UK template to draft a bespoke software development engagement under English, Scots or Northern Irish law — with Fixed Price or Time and Materials pricing, a change control with a cost approval threshold, configurable acceptance test cycles with re-perform / refund / terminate remedies, Customer-owns or Developer-owns IP with licence-back, NCC Group or Escrow London source code escrow, tiered support, and a Watford Electronics-compliant limitation of liability that addresses the post-DUAA 2025 ADM regime, UK GDPR Article 28 processor obligations, ECCTA 2023 s.199 failure-to-prevent-fraud and (where AI is built) the EU AI Act 2024/1689 layer.

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT
Bespoke Build · SGSA 1982  ·  CDPA 1988  ·  England And Wales  ·  4 June 2026
CUSTOMER
Cromer Retail Holdings Limited
8 Berkeley Square, Mayfair, London, W1J 6BR
Companies House No. 08329451
By: Margaret L. Ashworth, Chief Technology Officer
DEVELOPER
Tendring Software Studios Ltd
Suite 4, Brunel Court, Cambridge, CB4 0WT
Companies House No. 11483672
By: Eric P. Norwell, Director and Lead Engineer
Project: Cromer PIM 2.0 — Product Information Management Platform
Pricing: Hybrid (Fixed + TandM) · Target: 31 March 2027
This Software Development Agreement (the "Agreement") is made on 4 June 2026 between Cromer Retail Holdings Limited (Companies House No. 08329451) of 8 Berkeley Square, Mayfair, London, W1J 6BR (the "Customer") and Tendring Software Studios Ltd (Companies House No. 11483672) of Suite 4, Brunel Court, Cambridge, CB4 0WT (the "Developer"). The Developer is engaged to design, develop, test, deliver and (where applicable) deploy the bespoke software product described in clause 1 (the "Project"). This Agreement applies the implied terms of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and (where personal data is processed) the UK GDPR + Data Protection Act 2018 read with the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025.
1.
PROJECT AND SCOPE
1.1 Project. The Project is Cromer PIM 2.0 — Product Information Management Platform.

1.2 Scope of work. Design, build and deploy a multi-tenant Product Information Management (PIM) platform for Cromer Retail Holdings' 14 UK retail brands.
Core modules: catalogue ingestion (CSV / XML / API), attribute taxonomy management, multi-locale content workflow, output syndication (PDFs / web / 3rd-party marketplaces).
Tech stack: TypeScript + Node.js + PostgreSQL on AWS UK. UI: React. Tested with Playwright + Vitest. CI/CD via GitHub Actions.
Deliverables: (i) Phase 1 MVP (catalogue + workflow + 1 syndication target); (ii) Phase 2 (multi-locale + 3 additional syndication targets); (iii) Phase 3 (analytics dashboard + AI-assisted attribute extraction).

1.3 Target completion. The Developer shall use reasonable endeavours to deliver the Project by 31 March 2027. Time is not of the essence save where expressly stated in a Milestone or Change Order.

1.4 Implied terms. The Developer shall perform the development with reasonable care and skill (section 13 SGSA 1982), within a reasonable time (section 14 SGSA 1982), and for the price stated (section 15 SGSA 1982). The Customer shall cooperate with the Developer in the conduct of the Project (implied duty of cooperation per Salt Ship Design AS v Prysmian PowerLink Srl [2021] EWHC 2633 (TCC)).
2.
GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION
This Agreement, and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with it (including non-contractual disputes), shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales. The parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales to settle any such dispute or claim.
3.
PRICE, INVOICING AND PAYMENT
2.1 Hybrid pricing. Phase 1 of the Project (as described in the Specification) is delivered on a Fixed Price basis at £385,000. Subsequent phases or material changes to scope are charged on a time-and-materials basis at £1,250 per Developer day.

2.2 Invoicing and payment. Payment is made against the achievement of agreed Milestones. Each Milestone payment is invoiced on acceptance of the corresponding Deliverable; payment is due within thirty (30) days of invoice.

2.3 Milestones. (i) Phase 1 MVP delivery: £165,000 on acceptance;
(ii) Phase 2 multi-locale + 3 syndication targets: £140,000 on acceptance;
(iii) Phase 3 analytics dashboard + AI extraction: £80,000 on acceptance.

2.4 Late payment. Late payment shall bear interest at the Bank of England base rate plus 8% per annum under the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998, plus the Developer's reasonable recovery costs.
4.
CHANGE CONTROL
3.1 Change requests. Either party may request a change to the Scope by written Change Request. The Developer shall, within 5 Business Days, provide an estimate of the time and cost impact (the "Change Order").

3.2 Approval threshold. Changes with an aggregate cost impact below £3,500 shall be absorbed by the Developer at its expense, subject to an annual aggregate cap of £15,000. Changes above the threshold (or above the cap) require the Customer's written acceptance of the Change Order before work commences.

3.3 No verbal changes. No change to the Scope shall be effective unless agreed in writing. The Developer shall not be required to perform unauthorised work; the Customer shall not be required to pay for unauthorised work performed without an executed Change Order.
5.
ACCEPTANCE TESTING AND REMEDIES
4.1 Acceptance test cycles. Each Deliverable is subject to 2 acceptance test cycle(s), each of 14 Business Days. On delivery, the Customer shall test against the Specification and Acceptance Criteria (set out in the Project Plan); the Customer shall give written notice of acceptance or rejection (with reasonable defect detail) within the test period. Silence at end of cycle = deemed acceptance.

4.2 Defect categories. Defects are categorised as: P1 (system unusable or material function unusable); P2 (significant defect, workaround possible); P3 (minor defect, cosmetic or non-critical).

4.3 Remedies on failure. The Developer shall remedy P1 and P2 defects at its expense and re-deliver for a new test cycle. If P1 / P2 defects persist after the final cycle, the Customer may at its option (a) require continued remedy at the Developer's expense, or (b) reject the Deliverable and recover all Fees paid for that Deliverable (subject to a credit for any operating value already received).

4.4 Warranty period. For 90 days after acceptance of the final Deliverable, the Developer shall remedy at its expense any defect arising from a breach of the Specification, save where the defect is caused by Customer misuse, third-party modification or external factors. This is in addition to (and not in substitution for) the Customer's statutory rights under the SGSA 1982.
6.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OPEN SOURCE
5.1 Foreground IP. The Customer shall own outright the Foreground IP (assigned by the Developer as in the standard assignment above), save that the Developer retains a perpetual, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify and exploit those generic elements of the Foreground IP that are not unique to the Customer's business (e.g. development frameworks, build tools, generic UI patterns, telemetry libraries) in the Developer's subsequent projects, provided that no Customer Confidential Information is reused. This is UK Series A / B2B SaaS standard.

5.2 Background IP licence. The Customer receives a perpetual, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify and sublicense the Developer's Background IP to its Affiliates, subcontractors and successors-in-business to the extent reasonably necessary to operate, support and exploit the Deliverables.

5.3 Open-source policy. The Developer may use permissively licensed open-source components (MIT, Apache 2.0, BSD, ISC) without prior consent, subject to maintaining a current OSS inventory. Use of copyleft licences (GPL, AGPL, LGPL) requires the Customer's prior written consent. The Developer shall not introduce any "viral" copyleft into the Foreground IP without consent.

5.4 Developer IP warranty. The Developer warrants that the Foreground IP, as delivered, does not infringe any third-party intellectual property rights (subject to the Open-Source policy in clause 5.3) and indemnifies the Customer against any third-party claim of such infringement, capped in line with clause 8 (Limitation of Liability).

5.5 AI-generated code provenance. The Developer shall maintain a provenance log of any AI-generated code components in the Deliverables, identifying (a) the AI model and version used; (b) the source and training data (where known); (c) any Customer Confidential Information sent to the AI model. The Developer shall not send Customer Confidential Information to a third-party AI model without the Customer's prior written consent.
7.
SOURCE CODE ESCROW
6.1 Tri-party escrow. The Developer shall, within 30 days of Completion of each Milestone, deposit the full source code, build instructions, third-party dependency lists, environment configuration and test data for the Deliverables with NCC Group Escrow Services Limited under their standard tri-party escrow agreement, with the Customer as the named Beneficiary.

6.2 Release triggers. The escrow agent shall release the source code to the Customer upon: (a) the Developer's insolvency, winding-up, bankruptcy, IVA, or appointment of an administrator / receiver / liquidator; (b) the Developer ceasing to carry on business or to provide maintenance services for the Deliverables; (c) any material breach by the Developer of clause 7 (Support) that the Developer fails to remedy within 30 days of written notice; (d) persistent failure to meet the Silver SLA in clause 7.1 for two consecutive quarters; or non-renewal of the support agreement at the end of any term..

6.3 Customer use rights. On release, the Customer may use the released source code solely to maintain, modify and operate the Deliverables for its internal business purposes (or those of its successors-in-business). The Customer may engage a Permitted Third Party (any reputable IT services provider, on a confidentiality undertaking) to assist.

6.4 Maintenance. The Developer shall update the escrowed materials at each material release of the Deliverables and shall pay the escrow agent's fees during the Term and for 24 months thereafter.
8.
SUPPORT, WARRANTIES, LIABILITY AND COMPLIANCE
7.1 Support (Silver). The Developer shall provide email and telephone support during extended hours (8am-8pm UK time, Mon-Fri). Response targets: P1 (system unusable) — first response within 4 hours; resolution within 8 business hours. P2 — first response within 1 business day; resolution within 5 business days. P3 — first response within 5 business days. SLA: 99.5% availability of supported Service per calendar quarter; SLA credits of 5% / 10% / 25% of quarterly support fee for breaches of 0.5pp / 1pp / 2pp.

7.2 Specific support terms. Support fee: £4,500 per month, payable monthly in advance. Annual support fee uplift: lower of 3% or RPI. Support excludes user training, third-party integration changes outside the Developer's control, and modifications by Customer or third parties.

8.1 Fitness for purpose. The Developer warrants that the Deliverables shall be fit for the Customer's stated business purpose (set out in the Specification or otherwise notified to the Developer at proposal stage and acknowledged in writing). This warranty incorporates the standard in Pegler v Wang [2000] EWHC 137 (TCC) — fitness for actual business use, not merely conformity to a written specification.

8.2 Limitation of liability. Subject to clause 8.3 below, each party's aggregate liability under this Agreement, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), breach of statutory duty or otherwise, shall not exceed one hundred percent (100%) of the total Fees paid by the Customer to the Developer under this Agreement.

8.3 Excluded categories (no cap). Neither party limits its liability for: (a) fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; (b) death or personal injury caused by negligence; (c) any other liability that cannot be limited by law. The Developer's indemnity for IP infringement (clause 5.4) is subject to the cap in clause 8.2. The parties exclude liability for indirect or consequential loss, loss of profits, loss of business opportunity, loss of goodwill and loss of anticipated savings (consistent with reasonable allocation of B2B IT risk per Watford Electronics v Sanderson [2001] EWCA Civ 317).

9.1 UK GDPR processor role. The Developer is a processor of Customer personal data under the UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 read with the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025. The parties shall execute an Article 28 Data Processing Addendum (the "DPA") in the form attached as Schedule 1 (or, where not attached, in the Developer's standard form satisfying Article 28(3) UK GDPR). The Developer shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures (Article 32) and shall notify the Customer of any personal data breach without undue delay and in any event within 24 hours of becoming aware.

9.2 ADM under DUAA 2025. Where the Developer builds an automated decision-making (ADM) system that produces legal or similarly significant effects on individuals, the Developer shall design the system to meet the requirements of section 50 of the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (data subject information notice; right to human review on request; meaningful information about the logic involved; significance and envisaged consequences). The Developer shall document the design decisions for ADM compliance and provide the documentation to the Customer at acceptance.

10.1 ECCTA 2023 flow-down. The Developer shall maintain reasonable fraud-prevention procedures consistent with the published government guidance under section 199 of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (live from 1 September 2025 for "large organisations"). The Developer shall: (a) not facilitate or fail to prevent any associated person from committing fraud for the benefit of the Customer; (b) promptly report any suspected fraud or facilitation to the Customer; (c) comply with the Customer's anti-bribery policies under the Bribery Act 2010.

11.1 Termination. Either party may terminate this Agreement on 30 days' written notice for material breach un-remedied within that period; or immediately on the other party's insolvency. The Customer may terminate for convenience at any time, paying for work performed plus reasonable wind-down costs.

11.2 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts; electronic execution permitted.

11.3 Variation. Variation shall be in writing signed by both parties.
9.
EXECUTION
EXECUTED as an agreement on the date set out at the start of this Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date indicated.
CUSTOMER
Margaret L. Ashworth, Chief Technology Officer
Cromer Retail Holdings Limited
Date: ____________________
DEVELOPER
Eric P. Norwell, Director and Lead Engineer
Tendring Software Studios Ltd
Date: ____________________

Available as a print-ready PDF or an editable Microsoft Word (.docx) file.

What Is a UK Software Development Agreement?

A UK Software Development Agreement is the formal contract between a Customer (typically a business commissioning bespoke software) and a Developer (an IT services agency, consultancy or contractor) for the design, build, testing and delivery of a custom software product. Unlike a Software Licence Agreement — which grants the right to use pre-existing off-the-shelf software — a Software Development Agreement governs the creation of something new. It is the dominant UK contractual form for bespoke builds, custom integrations, SaaS-platform development for in-house use, mobile applications, AI-feature work and any project where the deliverable is software written specifically for the Customer.

Under English contract law, software development sits at the intersection of services and goods regulation. The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 (s.13 reasonable care and skill, s.14 reasonable time, s.15 reasonable charge) implies baseline performance obligations into any UK B2B services contract — a developer cannot deliver substandard or late work and rely on the contract being silent. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (s.3) tests the reasonableness of any limitation of liability in a B2B standard-form contract — SAM Business Systems Ltd v Hedley & Co [2003] EWHC 122 (TCC) held that a total exclusion of consequential loss in an IT contract was UNREASONABLE and unenforceable. Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 317 confirmed that a capped liability — typically 12 months' fees or 100% of total fees paid — is reasonable in the IT context provided the cap is commercially proportionate.

The 2025-26 regulatory layer makes UK software development noticeably more contractually heavy. The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 came into force in stages from 19 June 2025 and introduced a redrawn solely-automated decision-making (ADM) regime under section 50 — where the Developer builds an ADM system, the Customer's Article 22 UK GDPR obligations flow through. ECCTA 2023 went live with mandatory identity verification on 18 November 2025 and the s.199 failure-to-prevent-fraud offence on 1 September 2025 for 'large' organisations. The EU AI Act 2024/1689 imposes GPAI obligations from 2 August 2025 and high-risk system obligations from 2 August 2026 where the Customer's deployment is EEA-facing. A 2026 Software Development Agreement must address all three, or carve them out explicitly.

What's Covered in This Template

This UK Software Development Agreement covers the full bespoke build engagement architecture, with a tiered split between a simple Fixed Price Free baseline and an Expert tier covering the full IT contracting toolkit.

Customer + Developer Parties

Customer and Developer with Companies House numbers, registered offices and named signatories — the standard UK corporate parties block.

Project Identification

Project name plus a free-form scope summary that the Expert tier expands into milestones, change control and acceptance cycles.

Fixed Price (Free)

Single Fixed Price for the project with target completion date — suitable for well-scoped builds where requirements are settled at signing.

Customer-Owns IP (Free Default)

On Free, the Customer owns the resulting code and IP outright — the simplest allocation and the UK SME default expectation.

Simple Acceptance (Free)

14 or 30-day acceptance window — the Customer tests the delivered software and either accepts or rejects with a defects list.

Governing Law

England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland with matching exclusive jurisdiction to the courts of that constituent UK nation.

Pricing Engine (Expert)

Fixed Price, Time and Materials with daily rate, or Hybrid (T&M with cap) — chosen up front to match the project risk profile.

Payment Schedule (Expert)

Monthly, by milestones (with milestone list), or on completion only — aligned to the pricing engine and the Customer cashflow.

Change Control (Expert)

£-threshold below which small changes are absorbed, above which a Change Order is required; aggregate cap on absorbed changes prevents creep.

Acceptance Test Cycles (Expert)

1, 2 or 3 cycles with configurable per-cycle test period — the Customer tests, raises defects, the Developer remediates, and the cycle re-runs.

Acceptance Remedies (Expert)

Re-perform only / re-perform + refund / re-perform + refund + terminate — escalating remedies after final cycle failure.

Post-Acceptance Warranty (Expert)

30 / 90 / 180-day defect warranty after final acceptance — Developer corrects any non-conformance found in normal use during the warranty period.

IP Allocation Alternates (Expert)

Customer outright (UK standard), Customer with Developer licence-back to reusable components, Developer-owns with Customer licence, or Joint ownership.

Background IP Licence (Expert)

Perpetual royalty-free, project-scope only, or sublicensable — defines how the Customer may use the Developer's pre-existing IP embedded in the build.

Open-Source Policy (Expert)

Strict whitelist, permissive with prior written approval, or no restriction — addresses GPL contagion risk and supply-chain disclosure.

Source Code Escrow (Expert)

NCC Group, Escrow London or other tri-party escrow with defined release triggers (Developer insolvency, material breach, regulator order).

Support Tier (Expert)

None / Bronze (business hours) / Silver (extended hours, 4-hour response) / Gold (24/7, 1-hour response) — post-acceptance support framework.

Fitness for Purpose + Warranties (Expert)

Fitness for purpose warranty (Pegler v Wang line) or as-described only — together with regulatory compliance and IP non-infringement.

Limitation of Liability (Expert)

Watford Electronics-compliant cap — 12 months' fees, 100% total fees, or fixed amount — with carve-outs for IP infringement, confidentiality and death/personal injury.

UK GDPR Article 28 + DUAA 2025 ADM (Expert)

Controller-Processor flow-down where personal data is processed during development; s.50 DUAA 2025 Solely Automated Decision-Making addressed where the Developer builds ADM.

ECCTA 2023 + AI Act (Expert)

s.199 failure-to-prevent-fraud flow-down for 'large' organisations; AI Act 2024/1689 GPAI obligations and high-risk system flag where AI features are built.

How to Create a Software Development Agreement

Follow these steps to draft a UK Software Development Agreement that matches the scope of work and pricing model of your build.

  1. 1

    Enter Customer and Developer Details

    Provide both parties' Companies House numbers, registered offices and named signatories. Add the project name.

  2. 2

    Set Scope and Pricing

    Enter the scope summary and either a Fixed Price (Free, single deliverable) or the Expert pricing engine (Fixed / T&M / Hybrid with daily rate and milestone list).

  3. 3

    Configure Change Control (Expert)

    Pick the £-threshold for absorbed changes (typically £500 or £1,000) and the aggregate cap (typically £5,000-£10,000) to prevent scope creep.

  4. 4

    Set Acceptance Test Cycles (Expert)

    Choose number of cycles (1 / 2 / 3) and period per cycle (typically 14 or 21 days). Set the remedy escalation on final-cycle failure.

  5. 5

    Choose IP Allocation (Expert)

    Pick Customer outright, Customer with Developer licence-back, Developer-owns with Customer licence, or Joint. Choose Background IP licence scope and open-source policy.

  6. 6

    Add Source Escrow if Required (Expert)

    Tick source escrow if the Customer requires protection against Developer insolvency. Pick NCC Group, Escrow London or other named escrow agent.

  7. 7

    Pick Support Tier (Expert)

    None / Bronze (business hours) / Silver (extended hours, 4-hour response) / Gold (24/7, 1-hour response).

  8. 8

    Set Fitness, Warranties and Liability Cap (Expert)

    Decide whether fitness for purpose applies (or as-described only); set the post-acceptance warranty period (30 / 90 / 180 days); pick the Watford Electronics-compliant liability cap basis.

  9. 9

    Confirm Compliance Layer (Expert)

    Tick UK GDPR processor role, DUAA 2025 ADM integration, ECCTA s.199 flow-down and AI Act high-risk check as applicable.

  10. 10

    Review and Download

    Preview the Agreement and download as a free PDF or, with Expert, an editable Microsoft Word (.docx) for execution at the kick-off.

Why Doxuno documents are different

Four things that make our templates more thorough than AI-generated drafts and more current than static template libraries.

Accurate

Country-specific legal content

Drafted with legal expertise for each jurisdiction, far more thorough than AI-generated drafts that copy generic clauses across borders.

Always current

Always current with the law

Templates carrying statute references are continuously updated as the law changes. Your document always reflects the current legal framework.

Free PDF

Print-ready PDF

Free to download. Vector text, embedded fonts, statute citations baked in. Print, sign, file. Ready for any signing flow including electronic signature.

Word · .docx

Editable Word (.docx)

Continue editing in Word after download. Add custom clauses, reuse the template for similar agreements, or share with a colleague for collaborative review.

Requires Expert one-time unlock or any paid Doxuno subscription.

Legal Considerations

UK Software Development Agreements engage four overlapping bodies of English law — the implied terms of services contracts under SGSA 1982, the reasonableness test of UCTA 1977, the IP ownership default rules under CDPA 1988, and the 2025-26 regulatory layer of DUAA 2025, ECCTA 2023 and the EU AI Act. The Agreement must address each correctly or risk unenforceable liability caps, mis-assigned IP, or unflagged regulatory breach.

This template is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. UK software development engagements are highly specialised — for any project above £100,000 in value, any project involving personal data at scale, any project where the Developer builds AI features or ADM, any project for a regulated Customer (financial services, healthcare, telecoms), or any cross-border engagement, professional advice from IT contracting counsel is strongly recommended.

Reviewed for England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland law

SGSA 1982 Implied Terms and the Cooperation Duty

The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 implies three baseline obligations into every UK B2B services contract: section 13, that the supplier will perform with reasonable care and skill; section 14, within a reasonable time; section 15, for a reasonable charge. None can be excluded outright in a Customer-facing IT context — UCTA 1977 s.7 requires any attempted exclusion to meet the reasonableness test, and Watford Electronics v Sanderson [2001] EWCA Civ 317 confirmed that wholesale exclusion of liability for breach of the implied terms is presumptively unreasonable. Separately, Salt Ship Design AS v Prysmian PowerLink Srl [2021] EWHC 2633 (TCC) recognised an implied duty of mutual cooperation in long-running IT projects — both parties must cooperate in good faith for the project to succeed. The template embeds this with explicit Customer cooperation obligations alongside Developer performance.

IP Ownership — CDPA 1988 and the Default Rule

Under section 11 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, copyright in software written by a contractor (i.e. anyone other than an employee acting in the course of their employment) is owned by the AUTHOR — the Developer — not by the Customer who commissioned the work. To transfer ownership to the Customer the Agreement must include an express written assignment compliant with section 90 CDPA 1988 (signed by or on behalf of the assignor). Without such an assignment the Customer holds only an implied non-exclusive licence to use the software for the purpose for which it was commissioned, with no right to modify, sublicense or sell. The template's IP allocation alternates make the assignment, licence-back and joint-ownership choices explicit and CDPA-compliant.

Limitation of Liability — Watford Electronics and SAM Business Systems

Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 317 is the leading IT-contract case on limitation of liability under UCTA 1977 s.3. The Court of Appeal accepted a capped liability — there, the price of the goods supplied — as reasonable between two commercial parties of equal bargaining power. Conversely SAM Business Systems Ltd v Hedley & Co [2003] EWHC 122 (TCC) struck down a total exclusion of consequential loss in an IT project as UNREASONABLE — particularly where the Developer’s own breach was the proximate cause. Pegler Ltd v Wang (UK) Ltd [2000] EWHC 137 (TCC) confirmed that fitness for purpose warranties can survive even a sophisticated entire-agreement clause. The UK 2026 market norm — and the template default — is a cap at 12 months' fees or 100% of total fees paid, with hard carve-outs for IP infringement, confidentiality breach, fraud and death or personal injury (which UCTA s.2 makes non-excludable in any event).

DUAA 2025 ADM and UK GDPR Article 28 Processor Flow-Down

The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 came into force progressively from 19 June 2025. Section 50 introduces a redrawn solely-automated decision-making (ADM) regime that replaces the old Article 22 UK GDPR framework — meaningful human involvement is defined more narrowly, and where the Developer builds an ADM system that the Customer will deploy, the Customer’s s.50 obligations (transparency, contesting decisions, safeguards) flow through to the Developer as a design requirement. Separately, where personal data is processed during development (test data, integrations, training data for an AI feature), the Developer is acting as a UK GDPR Article 28 processor — the Agreement must contain the mandated processor obligations (instructions, confidentiality, security, sub-processors, audit, data breach notification, deletion or return). The Expert template flags both obligations.

ECCTA 2023 s.199 Failure-to-Prevent-Fraud Flow-Down

Since 1 September 2025 the failure-to-prevent-fraud offence under section 199 ECCTA 2023 has been live for 'large organisations' — bodies meeting at least two of: 250+ employees, £36M+ turnover, £18M+ balance sheet. A 'large' Customer is criminally liable where an associated person (including a contractor or supplier) commits a specified fraud offence intending to benefit the Customer, unless the Customer can prove it had reasonable fraud-prevention procedures in place. The Home Office guidance published 6 November 2024 confirms that supplier risk assessment and contractual flow-down of fraud-prevention obligations form part of those procedures. The Expert template includes the s.199 compliance flow-down so a 'large' Customer can evidence its compliance posture.

EU AI Act 2024/1689 — Where the Developer Builds AI Features

The EU AI Act 2024/1689 entered into force on 1 August 2024, with general-purpose AI (GPAI) obligations from 2 August 2025 and high-risk system obligations from 2 August 2026. Where the Developer builds AI features that the Customer deploys EEA-facing — to EU consumers, EU employees or EU businesses — the Customer is a deployer (or provider, if it rebrands the AI) under the AI Act, and the Developer's design and documentation obligations follow the AI Act risk classification: prohibited (Art 5), high-risk (Annex III), limited-risk (Art 50 transparency), or minimal risk. The Expert template adds an AI Act high-risk check flag and prompts the parties to allocate the technical documentation, log-keeping and conformity assessment obligations between Developer and Customer.

Frequently Asked Questions

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